What is Vref and how is it used in approach speed planning?

• A. Vref is the target final approach speed based on weight, used to maintain safe margins during the approach.
• B. Vref is the minimum landing speed for debris clearing.
• C. Vref is the climb speed after rotation.
• D. Vref is irrelevant to speed planning.

Answer: (A)

Vref is the reference approach speed you aim for on the final part of the approach. It’s selected based on how much the airplane weighs and its landing configuration, so you have a reliable target that keeps you safely above the stall while you’re near the runway.

As weight goes up, the stall speed in landing configuration increases, so Vref also increases. That’s why the speed plan for an approach is tied to weight: heavier airplanes need a higher target speed to maintain lift and control authority. You use Vref as the baseline speed during the final approach and then add any appropriate margins for wind gusts, turbulence, or specific flight rules.

So, Vref isn’t about the minimum speed for debris clearance, nor is it a climb speed after rotation, and it isn’t irrelevant to speed planning. It’s the planned, weight-adjusted target for a safe and stable final approach.